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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Hi all,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>My latest contribution to OLPC News is
attached below. Please go to the OLPC News website to add your own comments
and policy suggestions:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><a
href="http://www.olpcnews.com/use_cases/education/olpc_policy_recommendations.html">http://www.olpcnews.com/use_cases/education/olpc_policy_recommendations.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Regards,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Bob<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<h1 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:white'><b><font size=7
color="#666666" face=Arial><span style='font-size:30.0pt;color:#666666;
font-weight:normal'><a href="http://www.olpcnews.com/"><font color="#666666"><span
style='color:#666666;text-decoration:none'>One Laptop Per Child News</span></font></a></span></font></b><font
size=7 color="#666666"><span style='font-size:30.0pt;color:#666666'><o:p></o:p></span></font></h1>
<h2 style='mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:white' id=banner-description><b><i><font
size=3 color="#666666" face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
color:#666666;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>Your independent source for
news, information, commentary, and discussion of One Laptop Per Child's
"$100 laptop" computer, the OLPC Children's Machine XO, developed by
MIT Media Lab co-founder Nicholas Negroponte. <o:p></o:p></span></font></i></b></h2>
<div style='mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-left:solid #00CC00 6.0pt;
padding:0in 0in 0in 8.0pt;background:white'><!-- google_ad_section_start -->
<h2 style='margin-top:0in;background:white;border:none;padding:0in'><b><font
size=4 color="#00cc00" face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
color:#00CC00;font-weight:bold'><a
href="http://www.olpcnews.com/use_cases/education/olpc_policy_recommendations.html"
id=a003755>OLPC and Policy Recommendations</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></b></h2>
</div>
<h3 style='margin-top:0in;background:white'><i><font size=1 color="#333333"
face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:#333333;font-style:italic'>Posted
on September 14, 2007 by Robert B. Kozma in <a
href="http://www.olpcnews.com/commentary/">Commentary</a>: <a
href="http://www.olpcnews.com/commentary/academia/">Academia</a>, <a
href="http://www.olpcnews.com/use_cases/">Use Cases</a>: <a
href="http://www.olpcnews.com/use_cases/education/">Education</a>, <a
href="http://www.olpcnews.com/implementation/">Implementation</a>: <a
href="http://www.olpcnews.com/implementation/plan/">Plan</a> <o:p></o:p></span></font></i></h3>
<p style='background:white'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>I have been critical of OLPC in this column previously
but I want to express now that I support the ultimate goal of the program. And
while I do not believe that One Laptop Per Child is appropriate for all
countries and I have serious reservations about their implementation model, I
would like to provide some recommendations to policy makers, based on research
and my own consulting experience around the world, that I believe will help
make OLPC a success in those countries that choose to adopt it.</span></font><font
size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>First, I
believe along with the OLPC program that all students, as well as a nation's
society and economy more generally, can benefit from an educational system that
prepares students to be problem solvers, knowledge creators, and self-learners.
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>This is a
profoundly different educational goal from that of most of the world's
education systems that aspire (if that is the appropriate word) to produce
students who are proficient at recalling established facts and accurately
applying standard procedures. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>While such a
goal may have been sufficient (if that, too, is the appropriate word) for
simpler times and for a manufacture-based economy built on standard procedures
and unskilled or semi-skilled labor, the world today is a much different place
that calls for a fundamental transformation in educational systems. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>The set of
social, economic, and environmental challenges that confront us today are
significantly more complex than in previous decades and requires an education
system that can develop a nation's citizenry and workforce to its full creative
and productive capacity. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>While I share
the goal of the OLPC, it is not at all clear to me that giving each child a
computer is the only or even best way of accomplishing this goal. Indeed, there
is significant evidence that merely distributing computers in schools will have
little effect on education. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>But if policy
makers decide to buy into the OLPC, what can they do to increase the return on
the significant investment that their participation requires? I have five
recommendations: <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<ol start=1 type=1>
<li class=MsoNormal style='color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;background:white'><b><font size=2
color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Trebuchet MS";font-weight:bold'>Align education policy goals
and programs with other social and economic policy goals</span></font></b><font
size=2 face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS"'>.
The OLPC finesses the need to change education policies, programs and
structures. The program seeks to transform the education system in a
covert way by distributing XO hardware and software that will, presumably,
change how it is that students learn and, in turn, change education
without directly addressing the policies and structures of the education
system. <o:p></o:p></span></font></li>
</ol>
<p style='margin-left:.5in;background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333"
face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";
color:#333333'>First, there is no evidence that this approach to educational
change is effective. Second, there is considerable evidence that educational
systems are extremely resilient and if perturbed will merely absorb an
intervention into the current system without affecting change or will reject
the intervention altogether. On the other hand, there are a number of countries
(such as <st1:country-region w:st="on">Finland</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region
w:st="on">Chile</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Singapore</st1:country-region>,
<st1:country-region w:st="on">Ireland</st1:country-region>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region
w:st="on">Korea</st1:country-region></st1:place>) that have directly addressed
educational change as a central vehicle for dramatic social and economic
development. These countries have shown that computers can be used to launch,
foster, and support significant educational change if they are used as part of
a broader vision of social and economic improvement. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in;background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333"
face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";
color:#333333'>Consequently, policymakers who are joining OLPC in order to
provide students with new skills that are needed to address the challenges of
the 21st century should not only introduce computers but look at the broad
range of educational policies, programs and structures that must also be
changed if the introduction of computers is going to contribute to social and
economic development.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<ol start=2 type=1>
<li class=MsoNormal style='color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;background:white'><b><font size=2
color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Trebuchet MS";font-weight:bold'>Revise the curriculum and
school pedagogy</span></font></b><font size=2 face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS"'>. One the corollary
changes that will be needed to produce students with skills, attitudes,
and propensities needed to address 21st century challenges is a revision
of the curriculum. <o:p></o:p></span></font></li>
</ol>
<p style='margin-left:.5in;background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333"
face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";
color:#333333'>Beyond the memorization of established facts and the
reproduction of standard procedures, students will need to be able to apply
school subject knowledge to solve complex, real world problems. They will need
to be able to work in teams on extended projects that cut across subject matter
lines. They will need to be able use technology to search for, organize,
evaluate and create knowledge. And they will be able to set their own learning
goals, evaluate their progress and the quality of their products, and
continuously revise and refine what it is that they know. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in;background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333"
face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";
color:#333333'>These are the skills that will propel students - along with a
nation's social and economic structures - into the 21st century. Contrary to
Professor Negroponte's assertion, these skills are extremely complex and -
unlike learning one's mother tongue - they do not come automatically through
interaction with other students and with powerful machines. These new skills
require new curricular goals, new classroom content and activities, and new
pedagogical structures. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in;background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333"
face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";
color:#333333'>Policy makers should plan for these changes as part of the
introduction of XO machines, if this investment is to pay off.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<ol start=3 type=1>
<li class=MsoNormal style='color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;background:white'><b><font size=2
color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Trebuchet MS";font-weight:bold'>Redesign assessments</span></font></b><font
size=2 face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS"'>.
Whatever changes may be made in the formal curriculum, they will be undone
in the classroom if corresponding changes do not occur in assessments.
Current assessments have been refined over the decades to measure the
individual performance of students on the recall of facts and the
application of simple procedures. <o:p></o:p></span></font></li>
</ol>
<p style='margin-left:.5in;background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333"
face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";
color:#333333'>Educational policy makers who are serious about the introduction
of new skills into the curriculum must create assessments that provide students
with ongoing opportunities to apply their knowledge in complex, real world
settings, to work in teams, and to assess themselves and each other with
challenging standards for success. Without these changes, teachers and students
who faithfully use XO machines and materials as intended will most certainly
generate disappointing results, because traditional assessments are not
designed to measure the learning goals of OLPC. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in;background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333"
face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";
color:#333333'>More likely, teachers will subvert the goals of OLPC and either
squeeze the use of the XO into the standard education model for which the
traditional assessments are designed or reject the use of the XO as irrelevant
to their educational goals.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<ol start=4 type=1>
<li class=MsoNormal style='color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;background:white'><b><font size=2
color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Trebuchet MS";font-weight:bold'>Provide extensive teacher
professional development</span></font></b><font size=2 face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS"'>. The biggest
disagreement that I have with the OLPC implementation model is its total disregard
for the role that the teacher plays in student classroom success.
Evaluation studies (primarily in the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region
w:st="on">U.S.</st1:country-region></st1:place>) that show successful
implementation of laptop programs demonstrate the important role that
teachers play in structuring the students' use of the computer. The
training of teachers - and even parents - is an essential component to
this success. <o:p></o:p></span></font></li>
</ol>
<p style='margin-left:.5in;background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333"
face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";
color:#333333'>This professional development includes more than training in
equipment operation. New pedagogical models are required, if the laptop
programs are going to result in the constuctivist and constructionist learning
outcomes envisioned by OLPC. Teachers need training and practice in these
pedagogical techniques. Policy makers implementing OLPC are advised to design
an extensive program and supportive structure for teacher professional
development. This training is often most effectively administered by other
teachers who have already implemented and are currently using the techniques in
their classes. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='margin-left:.5in;background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333"
face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";
color:#333333'>Consequently, the most effective professional development
programs involve communities of teachers who are engaged in collaboration and
mutual support. These efforts often involve extensive partnerships between
government agencies, professional organizations, and the private sector.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<ol start=5 type=1>
<li class=MsoNormal style='color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;background:white'><b><font size=2
color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Trebuchet MS";font-weight:bold'>Provide technical support</span></font></b><font
size=2 face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS"'>.
The OLPC program also underestimates the magnitude of effort needed for
the large-scale installation and maintenance of hardware, software, and
networking equipment. Children and teachers can not maintain the system.
An extensive network of skilled technicians must be developed to support
schools, teachers, parents, and children.<o:p></o:p></span></font></li>
</ol>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333"
face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";
color:#333333'>All of this is to say that the job of educational transformation
is much harder and more complex than the OLPC programs suggests. But in many
cases, the effort is vital to a country's future, nonetheless. The investment
in OLPC should involve a thoughtful, multi-year plan which involves building
the policies, programs, structures and capacities that are needed to make the
investment pay off. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>I recommend
starting with a number of lead schools that represent the broad range of
demographic conditions in the country. The initial implementations - pilot
projects, if you will - allow the country to build an experiential base for
subsequent scaling, create a core of lead principals and teachers who can
support this scaling, and provide evidence that can aid in fine-tuning the
program and justify its scaling. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>At the same
time, initial implementations provide a phase-in period in which national
agencies can revise the curriculum and redesign assessments. While this process
will take far longer than that envisioned by OLPC, it is more realistic and the
changes are just as dramatic and more likely to occur - that is, if the political
will is there.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=tags style='background:white'><i><font size=1 color="#333333"
face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";
color:#333333'>Tags: <a
href="http://www.technorati.com/tag/Constructionist%20Learning">Constructionist
Learning</a> | <a href="http://www.technorati.com/tag/OLPC%20Implementation">OLPC
Implementation</a> | <a href="http://www.technorati.com/tag/OLPC%20Policy">OLPC
Policy</a> | <a href="http://www.technorati.com/tag/Robert%20Kozma">Robert
Kozma</a> | <a href="http://www.technorati.com/tag/School%20Pedagogy">School
Pedagogy</a> | <a href="http://www.technorati.com/tag/XO%20Hardware">XO
Hardware</a> | <o:p></o:p></span></font></i></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>____________________</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Robert B. Kozma, Ph.D.</span></font><font
color=blue><span style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Emeritus Director and Principal Scientist</span></font><font
color=blue><span style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Center for Technology in Learning</span></font><font
color=blue><span style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>SRI International</span></font><font
color=blue><span style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:Street w:st="on"><st1:address tabIndex="0"
style="BACKGROUND-POSITION: left bottom; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(res://ietag.dll/#34/#1001); BACKGROUND-REPEAT: repeat-x"
w:st="on"><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial;color:blue'>2151 Filbert St</span></font></st1:address></st1:Street><font
size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:blue'>.</span></font><font color=blue><span style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><font size=2
color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:blue'>San Francisco</span></font></st1:City><font size=2 color=blue
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>, <st1:State
w:st="on">CA</st1:State> <st1:PostalCode w:st="on">94123</st1:PostalCode></span></font></st1:place><font
color=blue><span style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span lang=ES
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>USA</span></font><font
color=blue><span lang=ES style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
lang=ES style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span lang=ES
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>CTL Website: </span></font><font
size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:blue'><a href="http://ctl.sri.com"><span lang=ES>http://ctl.sri.com</span></a></span></font><font
color=blue><span lang=ES style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Personal Website: <a
href="http://robertkozma.com">http://robertkozma.com</a></span></font><font
color=blue><span style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Phone +1 415 292 2471</span></font><font
color=blue><span style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Mobile +1 415 623 4340<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Fax: +1 415 651 9954</span></font><font
color=blue><span style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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