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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>I just posted this on OLPC News: <a href="http://www.olpcnews.com/">http://www.olpcnews.com/</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Bob</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<div style='mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-left:solid #00CC00 6.0pt;
padding:0in 0in 0in 8.0pt;background:white'>
<h2 style='margin-top:0in;background:white;border:none;padding:0in'><b><font
size=4 color="#00cc00" face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
color:#00CC00;font-weight:bold'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></b></h2>
<h2 style='margin-top:0in;background:white;border:none;padding:0in'><b><font
size=4 color="#00cc00" face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
color:#00CC00;font-weight:bold'><a
href="http://www.olpcnews.com/use_cases/education/one_laptop_per_child_education.html">One
Laptop Per Child and Education Reform</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></b></h2>
</div>
<h3 style='margin-top:0in;background:white'><i><font size=1 color="#333333"
face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:#333333;font-style:italic'>Posted
on June 22, 2007 by Guest Writer in <a href="http://www.olpcnews.com/use_cases/"
title="">Use Cases</a>: <a href="http://www.olpcnews.com/use_cases/education/"
title="">Education</a>, <a href="http://www.olpcnews.com/people/" title="">People</a>:
<a href="http://www.olpcnews.com/people/negroponte/" title="">Negroponte</a> <o:p></o:p></span></font></i></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333"
face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";
color:#333333'><a href="http://robertkozma.com/index.html"><font color="#36414d"><span
style='color:#36414D;text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=101 height=158
id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image001.jpg@01C7B4B8.247814A0" style='border-bottom-color:
black;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:black;
border-left-style:solid;border-left-width:0px;border-right-color:black;
border-right-style:solid;border-right-width:0px;border-top-color:black;
border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:0px' alt="olpc robert kozma"></span></font></a><br>
</span></font><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>Robert Kozma</span></font><font
size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>I am Robert
B. Kozma, Ph.D., an international consultant on technology in service of
developing countries. I have just returned from <st1:country-region w:st="on">Kenya</st1:country-region>
where I where I attended the <a
href="http://www.elearning-africa.com/conference.php">eLearning Africa Conference</a>
in <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Nairobi</st1:place></st1:City> from
May 28-30. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>The OLPC XO
machine was displayed in the vendor area and several presentations referenced
it. Having worked in <st1:place w:st="on">Africa</st1:place> and other
developing countries over the past ten years, I was prompted to reflect on the
implications that One Laptop Per Child has for education improvement in these
countries.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>The OLPC
group has come up with some truly novel features meant to address the specific
constraints of users in developing countries, such as the <a
href="http://www.olpcnews.com/hardware/wireless/">mesh network</a>, the <a
href="http://www.olpcnews.com/hardware/screen/">dual-mode display</a>, and a
range <a href="http://www.olpcnews.com/hardware/power_supply/">off-grid power
sources</a>, although the latter are yet to be fully developed. This is not
surprising, given its MIT Media Lab origins. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>But Professor
Negroponte consistently points out that, "This is an education project,
not a laptop project." And this is where my reservations begin. Based on
my 35 years of studying educational applications of technology in developed
(the U.S. and a range of OECD countries) and developing countries (<a
href="http://www.olpcnews.com/countries/thailand/">Thailand</a>, <a
href="http://www.olpcnews.com/countries/chile/">Chile</a>, Jordan, <a
href="http://www.bellybuttonwindow.com/2007/egypt/">Egypt</a>, <a
href="http://www.bellybuttonwindow.com/2003/uganda/">Uganda</a>, <a
href="http://www.bellybuttonwindow.com/2003/tanzania/">Tanzania</a> and <a
href="http://www.bellybuttonwindow.com/2007/kenya/">Kenya</a>), I have to say
that as an "<a
href="http://www.olpcnews.com/commentary/press/debate_laptop_education.html">education
project</a>" OLPC is fundamentally incomplete.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333"
face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";
color:#333333'><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/hendry/547579595/"><font
color="#36414d"><span style='color:#36414D;text-decoration:none'><img border=0
width=200 height=150 id="_x0000_i1026" src="cid:image002.jpg@01C7B4B8.247814A0"
style='border-bottom-color:black;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:
2px;border-left-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-left-width:2px;
border-right-color:black;border-right-style:solid;border-right-width:2px;
border-top-color:black;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:2px'
alt="olpc screen b&w"></span></font></a><br>
</span></font><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>Screen
technology isn't enough</span></font><font size=2 color="#333333"
face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";
color:#333333'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>Numerous
research studies and my personal experience in many countries suggest that the
mere introduction of computers into schools will not bring about educational
improvement. Reforming education is hard work that involves making coordinated
changes in pedagogy, curriculum, assessment, and teacher training, as well as
technology. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>While any one
of these factors - such as technology - can be used as a lever to launch other
changes, reform has to be viewed as systemic change. Without coordinating all
of the components, it is more likely that change in a single factor - such as
technology - will be merely assimilated into the current system unreformed or
be rejected altogether. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>But the OLPC
education philosophy does not address the education system at all. The entire
OLPC enterprise is based on the premise that if given the proper resources - in
this case "appropriately designed" hardware and software - children
will learn how to learn on their own. There is no consideration of how this
intervention fits or does not fit with the current curriculum, assessment, or
pedagogical practices. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>The goal of
the OLPC is laudable but I sincerely doubt that the pervasive use of computers
envisioned by OLPC will be realized without addressing these overriding factors
in the education system. Let me give two personal experiences that support my
conclusion.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333"
face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";
color:#333333'><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/jkrauss/552445962/"><font
color="#36414d"><span style='color:#36414D;text-decoration:none'><img border=0
width=200 height=150 id="_x0000_i1027" src="cid:image003.jpg@01C7B4B8.247814A0"
style='border-bottom-color:black;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:
2px;border-left-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-left-width:2px;
border-right-color:black;border-right-style:solid;border-right-width:2px;
border-top-color:black;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:2px'
alt="olpc nigeria"></span></font></a><br>
</span></font><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>Rural school
OLPC XO usage</span></font><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>Several years
ago, I visited a secondary school in rural <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Uganda</st1:place></st1:country-region> while evaluating the <a
href="http://www.world-links.org/">World Links for Development</a> program for
the World Bank. A teacher was describing how excited his students were about
projects they were doing with other students in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Canada</st1:country-region>
and <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">South Africa</st1:place></st1:country-region>.
We were standing in the middle of the computer lab filled with twelve brand new
work stations. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>Yet it was
the middle of the school day and the lab was totally empty of students. I
pointed this out to the teacher and he said that since computers were not part
of the curriculum and were not covered by the examination he could not use them
during the school day. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>In the second
case, I was visiting a secondary school in <a
href="http://www.bellybuttonwindow.com/2007/egypt/friday_in_alexandria.html">Alexandria,
Egypt</a> and a social studies teacher was showing the exciting collaborative
projects that students were doing in the computer lab. I happen to be
accompanied by an inspector from the Ministry of Education who jumped at the
teacher and berated him in front of all his students for deviating from the
established curriculum for that day. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>The
dedication of these teachers was sincere and the enthusiasm of their students
was clear. But I doubt that either these teachers or their students will be
able to sustain their efforts without important changes being made in the
system that they confront daily. To bring about education reform in developing
countries, curricula need to be changed to move from rote learning to problem
solving, creative thinking, and team skills. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>National examinations
need to move from the recall of facts to complex, collaborative tasks that
involve the use of technology. And teachers need training in new pedagogical
approaches. But Professor Negroponte shows only distain for teachers and the
educational system, as evidenced by these quotes:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333"
face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";
color:#333333'><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/olin/565263456/"><font
color="#36414d"><span style='color:#36414D;text-decoration:none'><img border=0
width=200 height=193 id="_x0000_i1028" src="cid:image004.jpg@01C7B4B8.247814A0"
style='border-bottom-color:black;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:
2px;border-left-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-left-width:2px;
border-right-color:black;border-right-style:solid;border-right-width:2px;
border-top-color:black;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:2px'
alt="olpc code jam"></span></font></a><br>
</span></font><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>Children learn
learning solo?</span></font><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333"
face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";
color:#333333'>"Teachers teach the kids? Give me a break."
(Negroponte, 2006, <a
href="http://news.com.com/Negroponte+Slimmer+Linux+needed+for+100+laptop/2100-7346_3-6057456.html">LinuxWorld
Conference and Expo</a>, <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Boston</st1:place></st1:City>).
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>"In many
countries, school is a treat. Teachers often don't show up." (Negroponte,
2007, <a href="http://www.today.ucla.edu/news/070221_laptop/">UCLA</a>, <st1:City
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Los Angeles</st1:place></st1:City>)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>"In some
countries, which I'll leave unnamed, as many of as one-third of the teachers
never show up at school. And some show up drunk" (Negroponte, 2006, <a
href="http://www.olpctalks.com/nicholas_negroponte/negroponte_netevents.html">NetEvents
Conference</a>, Hong Kong).<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333"
face="Trebuchet MS"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";
color:#333333'>AIDS and malaria are common problems among teachers, as they are
among the African population more generally, and they contribute significantly
to absenteeism in the workforce. But I have met many teachers in <st1:place
w:st="on">Africa</st1:place> and I have yet to meet one that was drunk. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>If only
Professor Negroponte held the same level of positive regard for teachers and
unbounded faith in their human potential as he does for students. Yet in many
of his statements, Negroponte's attitude about teachers borders on contempt. It
is difficult to see how the OLPC program can bring about positive change in
education systems with this kind of cynical attitude at its core.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>Which raises
the question, why it is that OLPC is working with education systems at all?
Instead, why are they not working through after-school programs where children
can explore their own projects free of the constraints of the established
curriculum, much as is done in developing countries with the <a
href="http://www.computerclubhouse.org/">Computer Clubhouse</a> program? <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>The answer is
that the business model demands that they work with the education system. In
order to get the desired features of the XO laptop at a low price, OLPC needs
the hundreds of millions of customers that can only be delivered by Ministries
of Education (Negroponte, 2004, <a
href="http://www.olpctalks.com/nicholas_negroponte/negroponte_netevents.html">NetEvents
European Press Summit</a>). <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style='background:white'><font size=2 color="#333333" face="Trebuchet MS"><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";color:#333333'>This brings
us back to the original question: Is this an education project or merely a
laptop project? We know <a
href="http://www.olpcnews.com/commentary/press/debate_laptop_education.html">Lee
Felsenstein's opinion</a>. What's yours?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>____________________</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Robert B. Kozma, Ph.D.</span></font><font
color=blue><span style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Emeritus Director and Principal Scientist</span></font><font
color=blue><span style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Center for Technology in Learning</span></font><font
color=blue><span style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>SRI International</span></font><font
color=blue><span style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:Street w:st="on"><st1:address tabIndex="0"
style="BACKGROUND-POSITION: left bottom; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(res://ietag.dll/#34/#1001); BACKGROUND-REPEAT: repeat-x"
w:st="on"><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial;color:blue'>2151 Filbert St</span></font></st1:address></st1:Street><font
size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:blue'>.</span></font><font color=blue><span style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><font size=2
color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:blue'>San Francisco</span></font></st1:City><font size=2 color=blue
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>, <st1:State
w:st="on">CA</st1:State> <st1:PostalCode w:st="on">94123</st1:PostalCode></span></font></st1:place><font
color=blue><span style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span lang=ES
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>USA</span></font><font
color=blue><span lang=ES style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
lang=ES style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span lang=ES
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>CTL Website: </span></font><font
size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:blue'><a href="http://ctl.sri.com"><span lang=ES>http://ctl.sri.com</span></a></span></font><font
color=blue><span lang=ES style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Personal Website: <a
href="http://robertkozma.com">http://robertkozma.com</a></span></font><font
color=blue><span style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=blue face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Phone +1 415 292 2471</span></font><font
color=blue><span style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Mobile +1 415 623 4340<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:blue'>Fax: +1 415 651 9954</span></font><font
color=blue><span style='color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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